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Jasmine 发表于 2012-5-3 21:08

低碳,可持续及宜居城市

[url]http://www.shihang.org/zh/news/2012/05/03/a_low_carbon_path_will_make_chinese_cities_more_sustainable_and_livable?cid=EAP_ChinaNewsletterZH_M_EXT[/url]

2012年5月3日

2012年5月3日,北京:世界银行今天发布新报告称,中国的城市走低碳发展之路,可以有助于实现国家降低单位GDP能源强度和碳强度的目标,同时更加宜居,效率更高,更有竞争力,最终实现可持续发展。据估计,城市产生的与能源有关的温室气体占总排放量的70%。鉴于未来20年中国预计将增加3.5亿城市居民,行动起来,刻不容缓。

《中国可持续性低碳城市发展》报告以世界银行的经验及其与诸多中国城市的长期合作为基础,希望为中央和城市城镇政府决策者提供可持续低碳发展的实用教程。

世界银行中国局局长罗兰德说:“中国要实现‘十二五’规划把碳强度降低17%的指标,城市减少排放至关重要。报告提出了一个行动框架供中国的城市考虑借鉴,有些城市已经在采取这些措施来促进经济发展与低碳增长。”

报告指出,工业和发电是中国城市碳足迹的主要来源,据估计这两项各占城市碳排放量的40%,其余的20%则来自交通、建筑和废弃物。

报告建议说,要实现低碳增长,城市需要在多条战线同时行动。由于碳排放与城市的形态密切相关,因此影响土地利用和空间发展的措施是最重要的。空间发展还具有很强的“锁定”效应:城市一旦发展和确定了自身的形态,要想重新改造几乎是不可能的,因为建筑环境在很大程度上是不可逆转的,改造的成本高昂。此外,城市需要建设节能效率高的建筑物和工业,需要发展可以替代私家车的交通系统,需要建立对水、污水和固体废弃物的高效管理。而且,城市需要将应对气候变化的措施纳入规划、投资决策和应急预案中。

报告列举出构成低碳城市发展总体框架的五项主要的综合性措施,建议城市决策者:

    制定鼓励低碳增长的适当目标;
    以市场化方式和手段辅助行政措施;
    打破土地利用、财政和城市蔓延之间的现有联系;
    鼓励加强跨部门、跨辖区的合作;
    平衡减排与适应措施。

报告还强调,需要针对具体部门的具体问题采取措施,特别是针对能源、交通以及水资源、废弃物管理等市政服务采取具体措施。报告根据中国各城市和世行项目的经验,针对这些部门提出了具体的建议。

在能源方面,报告建议城市领导人应鼓励发展清洁能源,包括通过最大限度地使用可再生能源,加强能源需求管理中市场化方式的作用,比如定价要充分反映成本,坚持不懈地实施建筑物节能法规,在城市供热方面逐渐转向按实际用热量计价收费。

在城市交通方面,城市应鼓励步行和骑自行车出行,改善公共交通服务的质量,促进多方式公共交通服务一体化,通过收取税费改进对私家车的管理,在条件成熟的情况下增加电动车的使用。

在水资源管理方面,城市应考虑紧凑型城市发展模式,以达到基础设施需求与抽水成本的最小化。城市须重新评估其取水策略和污水处理方式,最大限度地减少能源使用,并通过适当的定价策略加强对需求的管理。在固体废弃物管理方面,城市须积极促进废弃物最小化、分类、堆肥和回收再利用,减少焚烧和填埋的需要。

世界银行高级基础设施经济学家、报告作者之一白爱民说:“中国的城市面临着复杂的挑战,需要采取综合性的方式,各级政府以及全社会采取协调一致的行动。”另一位报告作者、世行城市交通专家孟烁明补充说:“中央政府制定了降低单位GDP碳强度的明确目标,但在土地利用和城市财政方面,在促进不同政府部门之间的协调方面,采取一些关键性的配套措施,可以助力城市政府更有效地落实低碳行动计划。”

在“十二五”规划期间及其以后,中国有机会实施低碳发展战略和模式,开展新技术创新,提高现有工业企业的效率,改善对城市发展的管理等等。这样也有利于未来的城市更具可持续性,效率更高,竞争力更强,更加舒适宜居。

Jasmine 发表于 2012-5-3 21:09

Low-carbon, More Sustainable and Livable

[url]http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/05/03/a_low_carbon_path_will_make_chinese_cities_more_sustainable_and_livable[/url]

A Low-carbon Path will Make Chinese Cities More Sustainable and Livable

May 3, 2012

Beijing, May 3, 2012 - By embarking on a low-carbon growth path, China’s cities can help reach the country’s targets for reducing the energy and carbon intensity of its economy, and become more livable, efficient, competitive, and ultimately sustainable, says a new World Bank report released today. Cities contribute an estimated 70 percent of energy-related greenhouse gases. With China set to add an estimated 350 million residents to its cities over the next 20 years, the case for urgent action is strong.

The report, titled Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China, aims to provide central government policymakers and those of municipalities, cities and townships in China with practical lessons on sustainable low-carbon development, based on the World Bank’s experience and its long-term relationship with many Chinese provinces and cities.

"For China to achieve its 12th Five-Year Plan target to reduce 17 percent carbon intensity, addressing cities’ emissions is crucial,” said World Bank’s Country Director for China Klaus Rohland. “The report provides a framework for actions that Chinese cities could and are already taking to promote both economic development and low-carbon growth.”

According to the report, industry and power generation are major contributors to the carbon footprint of Chinese cities, producing in some cities an estimated 40 percent of city emissions each, with the remaining 20 percent contributed by transport, buildings, and waste.

To achieve low-carbon growth, the report suggests that cities will need to act on multiple fronts. Actions affecting land-use and spatial development are among the most critical because carbon emissions are closely connected to the urban form. Spatial development has also very strong “locked-in” effects: once cities grow and define their urban form it is almost impossible to retrofit them because the built environment is largely irreversible and very costly to modify. Furthermore, cities need energy-efficient buildings and industries; a transport system that offers alternatives to automobiles; and a shift to efficient management of water, wastewater, and solid waste. And cities need to incorporate responses to climate change in their planning, investment decisions, and emergency-preparedness plans.

The report lays out five key cross-cutting actions that form the overarching framework for low-carbon city development. Policy makers need to:

    Set the right indicators to encourage low-carbon growth;
    Complement administrative measures with market-based approaches and tools;
    Break the current link between land use, city financing and urban sprawl;
    Encourage more inter-sectoral and inter-jurisdictional cooperation; and
    Balance climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.

The report also stresses the need to focus actions on addressing specific sectoral challenges, particularly those related to energy, transport, and other municipal services including water and waste management services. The report provides specific recommendations for each of these sectors, drawing on the experience of Chinese cities and World Bank-supported programs.

On energy, the report recommends that city leaders should encourage a cleaner supply of energy including through maximizing the use of renewable energy, enhance the role for market-based methods in energy demand management including through setting prices to reflect full costs, consistently implement building energy efficiency codes and switch to consumption-based billings for district heating.

On urban transport, cities should encourage walking and bicycling and enhance the quality of public transport services, integrate different modes and services of public transport, better manage auto ownership and use through taxation and fees, and increase the use of electric vehicles when conditions are ripe.

On water management, cities should consider compact urban development patterns to minimize infrastructure needs and pumping costs. Cities should also reevaluate their water intake strategies and water treatment methods to minimize energy use, and enhance demand management through appropriate pricing strategy. On solid waste management, cities should actively promote waste minimization, segregation, composting, and recycling so as to reduce the need for incineration and landfilling.

"The complex challenges facing China’s cities require a comprehensive approach, with coordinated action from different levels of government as well as civil society,” said Axel Baeumler, World Bank Senior Infrastructure Economist and a co-editor of the report. "The central government has set clear targets to the reduce carbon intensity of the economy; but a few key complementary actions – on the land and municipal finance agenda, on facilitating coordination across different governmental entities – could help to empower city governments to effectively implement low-carbon action plans,” adds Shomik Mehindratta, World Bank Lead Urban Transport Specialist and co-editor of the report.

In the 12th Five-Year Plan period and beyond, China has an opportunity to implement low-carbon strategies and approaches, ranging from innovations in new technology, to increased efficiency in existing industries, and to better management of the growth of cities. This will also make its future cities more sustainable, more efficient, more competitive and more livable.

Jasmine 发表于 2012-5-3 21:10

中国可持续低碳城市发展

[url]http://www.shihang.org/zh/news/2012/05/03/sustainable-low-carbon-city-development-in-china[/url]
2012年5月3日
    城市产生70%与使用能源有关的温室气体排放,因而对中国实现碳减排目标至关重要。据估计中国在未来二十年将增加3.5亿城市人口,因此必须立即行动起来,刻不容缓。
    对于城市而言,低碳增长与因地制宜的可持续发展战略是高度一致的。低碳城市首先是可持续、高效、宜居和具有竞争力的城市。
    据估计发电和工业活动分别占城市碳排放量的40%,其余20%来自交通、建筑和废弃物。
    城市需要在多条战线同时采取行动,从改善土地利用和空间发展到促进节能型建筑和工业,从发展公交系统到提高水资源、污水和垃圾管理效率。此外,需要将适应气候变化纳入城市的发展规划、投资决策和应急预案中。
    影响土地利用和空间发展的行动是最具关键性的,原因是碳排放与城市的形态密切相关。空间发展也具有很强的“锁定”效应:城市一旦发展和确定了自身形态,要想改造几乎是不可能的,因为建筑环境在很大程度上是无法逆转的,改造成本高昂。
    促进低碳增长可以采取五项综合性措施,包括:设定鼓励低碳增长的适当目标;以市场方式和手段辅助行政措施;打破土地利用、财政和城市蔓延之间的联系;鼓励加强跨部门、跨辖区协作;平衡减排与适应措施。
    需要针对具体部门面临的问题采取行动,特别是针对能源、交通和供水、污水及垃圾管理等市政服务采取具体措施。在这方面,中国各城市和世行贷款项目提供了可供借鉴的经验。
    实施跨部门和综合性的政策议程,要求各级政府、民间团体和普通市民采取协调一致的行动。
    中国在“十二五”规划期间及其以后有机会实施低碳发展战略和模式,使未来的城市更具可持续性、更加高效、更具竞争力和更加宜居。

Jasmine 发表于 2012-5-3 21:13

视频:提倡绿色出行 建设低碳城市
[url]http://www.shihang.org/zh/news/2012/01/12/green-transport-builds-low-carbon-cities-china?cid=EAP_ChinaNewsletterZH_M_EXT[/url]
        视频:天津供热改革
[url]http://www.shihang.org/zh/news/2011/11/09/heat-reform-in-tianjin-china?cid=EAP_ChinaNewsletterZH_M_EXT[/url]
        视频:重庆:改善污水处理
[url]http://www.shihang.org/zh/news/2007/12/13/yangtze-river?cid=EAP_ChinaNewsletterZH_M_EXT[/url]

Jasmine 发表于 2012-5-3 21:15

中国可持续性低碳城市发展报告

[url]http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/4635541-1335945747603/low_carbon_city_overview_cn1.pdf[/url]

[url]http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/4635541-1335945747603/low_carbon_city_part1.pdf[/url]

[url]http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/4635541-1335945747603/low_carbon_city_part2.pdf[/url]

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